Aspirin Preparation Case Essay Example for Free

Aspirin Preparation Case Essay * How drugs are discovered and developed Pharmacologist along with chemist focus on a specific disease and unmet patient needs in order to discover new drugs. They search for biological targets within the body that play a role in a given disease. Unique molecules are found or created that some day might be medicines. Lead Compound Selection, is the testing of compounds that might undergo the long expensive drug develop process. Random Screening- uses existing ‘library’ of chemical agents. This is the simplest method but the odds are low and patience is needed. Combinational Chemistry Screening- uses a compound (from existing library) as a base, then randomly adding amino acids or molecule segments of other agents to the base compound in order to enhance the base compounds activity and disease fighting potential. The enhanced compounds are then tested in rapid screening test. However this method is complex and costly but it improves the odds. Target Synthesis- targets the disease for drug intervention. For example High Blood Pressure would be studied in detail. Consequently this method still requires screening of hundreds of compounds and extensive amount of research to understand a particular disease process. Drug Modeling- uses more high technology. This method manipulates chemical structures by computers so that they can attach to, activate or deactivate proteins that interfere with or maintain the body’s normal functioning. The model is used to enhance the properties of the other methods but the cost for designer compounds are significant because of the huge amount of research that is needed to identify biochemical target and establish their molecular structure. * How safety of drugs is checked before being used on the public A drug undergoes 3 clinical phases before being used on the public. This is designed to determine the safety of the new drug, how best to administer it and the correct dosage- (one that will minimize desirable side effects). 20-30 patients (volunteers) are used to find out how the drug behaves in their body, so their blood and urine will be frequently monitored. Even though drugs in this will have been already tested in a laboratory. After the correct dosage has been determined in phase1 clinical trial, it can enter phase2. This trial consists of determining the drug’s effectiveness in treating a specific disease. Phase2 involves more patients (volunteers) and they are tested for the number of platelets in their blood and take frequent blood samples. If the drug being tested brings a positive change in at least 1/5 of the patients then it can be tested in phase3. However if the drug shows very positive effects in-patients, the Food and Drug Administration also have the option of approving the drug for general use at this point. This trial involves hundreds of patients and is divided into two groups. The control group receives a standard treatment (placebo) and the treatment groups are given the new drug. Results are then compared from the two groups. Blinded studies are used to prevent biased study results. If the new successfully passes a phase3 trial the FDA will approve the drug for marketing to the general public. -The acetylsalicylic acid is washed with distilled water until all the acetic acid is removed. -It is pressed to be as dry as possible and then dried more by a current of warm air at 60-70 degrees Celsius. The yield of pure acetylsalicylic acid is between 1780-1795kg per batch using this reaction process. * History of Aspirin and its modern development * How aspirin is prepared on the large scale Main reactor for the process- a glass lined 1500 gallon fitted with a water-cooled reflux condenser, thermometers with automatic temperature register and an efficient agitator. The Mother Liquor- 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene (this does not get used up.). The reactor is charged up with the mother liquor. 1382kg of salicylic acid is added to the mother liquor. The reaction mixture is heated to between 85-92 degrees Celsius and kept at this temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture is transferred into an aluminum-cooling tank and is allowed to cool for 3-4 days. By the end the cool mixture will have reached room temperature 15-25 degrees Celsius. At this point the acetylsalicylic acid has precipitated as large regular crystals. Mother liquor is removed by filtration or centrifuging. Filtrate solution- 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid, 510kg of acetic anhydride, 600kg of acetic acid and 1200kg of toluene. The acetic acid is obtained as a by-product of the acetylation step of the process. An well-agitated reactor using a diffusion plate will introduce Ketene gas, to be passed through the recycled filtrate at a temperature between 15-25 degrees Celsius. When a weight increase of 420.5kg of the Ketene gas is observed, the mother liquor contains 180-270kg of UN-precipitated acetyl acid and 1532kg of acetic anhydride in 1200kg of toluene. The Mother liquor is recycled and 1382kg of Salicylic acid is added to continue the reaction cycle BC- the first and most influential physician wrote about the bitter powder extracted from the willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fever. 1700- The scientist Reverend Edmund Stone found out that the part of the willow tree bark that was bitter and good for fever and pain is a chemical known as Salicin. This converts into another chemical called Salicylic acid when eaten. 1829- A pharmacist known as Leroux showed that Salicin is the active willow ingredient and for the first time an Italian chemist Piria used Salicylic acid to treat pain and swelling in diseases such as Arthritis and to treat fever in illnesses like Influenza. The problem was that these chemicals was causing the users upset stomachs. Some people had bleeding in their digestive tracts from high doses needed to control swelling and pain. It was thought that the reason of stomach upsets were because of the acid in the chemical, therefore the compound Salicylic acid went through a couple of chemical reactions that covered up one of the acidic parts with an ACETYL group, converting it to ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA). It was found that ASA reduced fever and relieve of pain and swelling but also it was much better for the stomach and worked better than Salicylic Acid. 1899- ASA was given the name ASPIRIN- that comes from the plant relative of a rose that makes SALICYLIC ACID (several plants makes this compound not just willow). Prostaglandin is a chemical that is released to make the nerve ending register an even stronger pain to the brain. It is made in working cells of the damaged tissues by using an enzyme called CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 (COX-2). Prostaglandin makes you feel the pain of the damaged area and causes it to swell up (inflammation), to bathe the tissues in fluid from the blood so that it will protect it and help it heal. Pain serves the purpose here to remind you that the damaged area cannot be used, as it is not healed. However sometimes we endure pain when there is no real reason to. For example Period Pains and Arthritis. It can make people feel really uncomfortable and arthritis can damage joints permanently. ASPIRIN works by locking itself to the enzyme that makes the chemical Prostaglandin. The enzyme C0X-2 that is found in normal tissues but mostly in tissues that have been damaged in some way, can no longer convert floating chemicals into Prostaglandin because they are unable to move with the aspirin lock on. Aspirin does not treat the cause of the pain; it just lowers the pain signals getting through your nerves to the brain. New researches suggest that an aspirin a day is a preventive measure against Heart Attacks. However the effectiveness of aspirin has differential effects depending on genetics. Aspirin Preparation Case. (2017, Jul 30).

Public document analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public document analysis - Article Example The police department introduced different departments within its system to improve their security services. Each department plays different roles with the mission and objective of reducing crime. The public interest in seeking for a safe environment for their lives and property spirals the police department to be efficient and interactive. Under the department of Management Information Systems Bureau, the integration of information systems and technology with the responsibilities accorded to the police is focused. †¢ What primary purpose(s) can you identify for this document? The main purpose of the document is to develop confidence in the locals about the services provided by the police department. The introduction of the Management Information Systems Bureau aims at improving the existing policing activities to reduce the rate of crimes in Virgin Islands. Another purpose that the document service s is motivation of the police officers. Training conducted on the new services i ntroduced by the system will ensure provision of quality services to the citizens. The responsibilities of the Commander in charge of communication describe the avenues enforced for the success of the system. Finally, the document warns people involved in crimes that they have minimal chances for escape after breaking the law. The skills used to monitor, analyze and investigate crimes achieved the goal mentioned. †¢ What audience(s) is this document intended for? How can you tell? The target audiences in the document are; the locals in Virgin Island, the police officers, Commander of Communications and the criminals. From the document, the police department is in charge of curbing crimes committed in the area. The mission of the Management Information Systems Bureau is to offer help to the police officers during their investigation operations. Though they have been offering these services, there could have been challenges that they faced. The challenges could probably lead to r ampant crimes and violence. As a result, the citizens could have felt neglected and or undermined. According to the objectives outlined, the police officers targeted will be the implementers of the improved security system. Training on the new technological advances implemented by the department empowers the police officers. The second audience is the locals in Virgin Island States. With the improved system in tackling crimes and violence, they will automatically enjoy a secure environment. The secure environment instills confidence of the community in the police department. As a result, they will assist in playing key roles in reducing crime rates. The responsibilities of the Communications Commander ensure the successful implementation of the system. Finally, criminals are targeted to beware of their movements. The improved investigative and recording system, methods of analysis of crimes, accidents and traffic narrow their crooked lifestyles. †¢ What does the organization or arrangement of the document reveal about its meaning? First, the document starts with a mission statement of the organization, followed by its objectives. From the objectives is the documentation of the communications bureau and finally the responsibilities of the Communications Commander. From this arrangement, the document reveals the possible ways that the organization shall follow so that it can achieve its objectives. From the initial stage, attention of the audience captured facilitates their

Financial Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Management - Term Paper Example income statement (Profit & Loss Account), statement of financial position (Balance Sheet) and a statement of changes in financial position (Cash Flow Statement), it is called Accounting Ratio. Accounting Ratios are very powerful analytical tools for measuring performance of a business enterprise. The basic objectives of Ratio Analysis are: To provide a deeper analysis of the liquidity, solvency, profitability and activity levels of a business enterprise. To know about the potential areas that could be improved with more effort in the desired direction. To provide information for making inter-firm comparison and intra-firm comparison by comparing firm’s performance with best in the industry figures. The advantages of using Ratio Analysis are: These ratios help the management to analyze past performance and also to make future projections. Interested stakeholders as shareholders, investors, creditors and governments and independent analysts can evaluate certain aspects of a busi ness with the help of ratio Analysis. Accounting ratios provide an easy way to compare current performance with previous periods. These Ratios correctly elucidate the strengths and weaknesses of a firm’s operations and provide a clear insight about the financial health of a firm. Current Ratio The purpose of this ratio is to shed further light on the short-term solvency of the company and, more specifically, on its ability to pay the debts as they fall due, by calculating the relation between current assets and current liabilities. A widely used rule of the thumb is that a current ratio of 2:1 is an ‘ideal’ ratio. However, such a generalization is not always true. The standard ratio will vary from industry to industry and within the same industry from season to season, depending upon the rate at which current assets are converted into cash and how quickly current liabilities must be paid. The ratio cannot be accepted as adequate without considering the compositio n of its current assets and their liquidity. A high current ratio will not be a measure of solvency of business if the current assets are made up mainly of obsolete stock or debtors outstanding for a long time. The current ratio of PepsiCo is 1.44 (PepsiCo Inc., 2010) while that of Coca Cola is 1.13 (Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc., 2010). Though the current ratios of both the companies fall short of the ‘ideal’ standard but considering the fact that both are multinational beverages giants in their own right it must be said that PepsiCo scores over Coca-Cola in this regard as it is in a better position to honor its current liabilities as and when they fall due. Profitability Indicator Ratios Profitability ratios measure a concern’s degree of success in earning a return on sales or on investment. The rate of return on capital employed, often described as the primary ratio, relates the income earned from the company’s activities to the resources employed by the c ompany. The ratio indicates the efficiency with which the capital employed in the business is being utilized, and by comparison with other businesses it may provide a means of evaluating whether the management has the ability of to earn a reasonable income for the company with the resources at their disposal. There are a number of ways of computing rate of return on capital employed depending upon the definition of ‘capital employed’. The term ‘capital employed’ is used, in accountancy to signify three different financial totals: (i)

The Confusing Writing Style of John Berryman’s Dream Songs :: Dream Songs

The Confusing Writing Style of John Berryman’s Dream Songs John Berryman presents an interesting and somewhat confusing grouping of stories in his first twenty-six Dream Songs. The six line stanzas seem to reveal the dreams that Berryman has. The poems are written with poor grammar and have a very random rhyme scheme. They perplexed me greatly reading through them, as they seemingly have no order or plot. Beginning with the rhyme scheme of The Dream Songs, Berryman seems to follow no specific order. In the 8th song, Berryman uses the pattern abcabc, but in the 11th song he uses abccda throughout the three six-line stanzas. In many of the other sections he does not follow one pattern through all three stanzas. Also in some of them it seems as though he uses slant rhyme, using words that do not exactly rhyme but have strongly related sounds. One example of this slant rhyme occurs in the 5th song; â€Å"while the brainfever bird did scales; / Mr Heartbreak, the New Man, /come to farm a crazy land;/ an image of the dead on the fingernail† (7). With this example scales and fingernail and man and land present words that do not completely rhyme. Berryman’s random use of rhyme scheme correlates to the randomness of the entire work of the first section of his dream songs. The language that Berryman writes with in The Dream Songs also serves to complicate the work. He goes back and forth in using African American slang language and inverted English. He writes; â€Å"The enemy are sick, / and so is us of, Often rising trysts, / like this one, drove he out† (12). This phrase makes no sense grammatically and presents quite a challenge for the reader to paraphrase. Berryman also throws in an occasional phrase in another language, as he does in the 12th song; â€Å"Tes yeux bizarres me suivent† (14). This example just provides one more way in which Berryman makes his writing difficult to get through and even more difficult to understand.

Microecnomics Exam

Intermediate Microeconomics Fall 2005 Midterm Exam Direction: This is a close book, close notes exam; there is 100 points possible, please pay attention to the weights as you allocate your time; the exam starts at 3:30 and ends at 5:00 sharp. Good luck! 1. (25 points) Consider the utility function[pic]. 1) Is the assumption that ‘more is better’ satisfied for both goods? 2) What is [pic] for this utility function? 3) Is the [pic] diminishing, constant, or increasing as the consumer substitutes [pic] for [pic] along an indifference curve? . (25 points) A consumer purchases two goods, food [pic] and clothing [pic]. Her utility function is given by [pic]. The price of food is [pic] , the price of clothing is [pic], and the consumer’s income is [pic]. 1) What is the demand function for clothing? 2) Is clothing a normal good in this case? 3. (25 points) Suppose that Natasha’s utility function is given by u(I) = I0. 5, where I represents annual income in thousand s of dollars. 1) Is Natasha risk loving, risk neutral, or risk averse? Explain. ) Suppose that Natasha is currently earning an income of $10,000 (I = 10) and can earn that income next year with certainty. She is offered a chance to take a new job that offers a . 5 probability of earning $16,000, and a . 5 probability of earning $5,000. Should she take the new job? 3) In (2), would Natasha be willing to buy insurance to protect against the variable income associated with the new job? If so, how much would she be willing to pay for that insurance? 4. (25 points) Suppose a consumer has the two period utility function: [pic][pic] here [pic]represent the amount of consumption in period 1 and 2 respectively. The consumer’s income consists just of inherited assets A in period 1, and there is no income in second period. If the remaining income is invested in an asset, it can earn a rate of interest r. 1) Interpret the economic meaning of the parameter [pic] in the utility function. 2 ) Obtain the optimal allocation of[pic], and illustrate it with the graph. 3) Explain how the optimal consumptions in periods 1 and 2 vary with A, r, and[pic].

An Examination Of General Information On Corporate Governance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2816 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Corporate governance is concerned with the resolution of collective action problems among dispersed investors and the reconciliation of conflicts of interest between various corporate shareholders. In this coursework we review the theoretical and research on the main mechanisms of corporate control, discuss the main legal and regulatory institutions and global standards. GENERAL INFORMATION ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DefÃÆ'„ ±nÃÆ'„ ±tÃÆ'„ ±on Corporate governance is one key element in improving economic efficiency and growth as well as enhancing investor confidence. Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders  [1]  . Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and its shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring. The presence of an effective corporate governance system, within an individual company and across an economy as a whole, helps to provide a degree of confidence that is necessary for the proper functioning of a market economy. Corporate governance is affected by the relationships among participants in the governance system. Controlling shareholders, which may be individuals, family holdings, bloc alliances, or other corporations acting through a holding company or cross shareholdings, can significantly influence corporate behaviour. As owners of equity, institutional investors are increasingly demanding a voice in corporate governance in some markets. Individual shareholders usually do not seek to exercise governance rights but may be highly concerned about obtaining fair treatment from controlling shareholders and management  [2]  . Creditors play an important role in a number of governance systems and can serve as external monitors over corporate performance. Employees and other stakeholders play an important role in contributing to the long-term success and performance of the corporation, while governments establish the overall institutional and legal framework for corporate governance  [3]  . Outside investor w ishes to try control differently from the manager in charge of the firm. Dispered ownershÃÆ'„ ±p interests cause the problem by giving rise to conflicts of interest between the various corporate claimholders and by creating a collective action problem among investors. Many research on corporate governance has been concerned with the resolution of this problems. As a result of this research have been reached varÃÆ'„ ±ous solutÃÆ'„ ±ons. AccordÃÆ'„ ±ngly: partial concentration of ownership and control in the hands of one or a few large investors; hostile takeovers and proxy voting contests, which concentrate ownership and/or voting power temporarily when needed; delegation and concentration of control in the board of directors; alignment of managerial interests with investors through executive compensation contracts; and clearly defined fiduciary duties for CEOs together with class-action suits that either block corporate decisions that go against investors interests, or seek compensation for past actions that have harmed their interests. We discuss how different classes of investors and their constituencies can or ought to participate in corporate governance and global standards of corporate governance. Importance of Corporate Governance Firstly, we should explaÃÆ'„ ±n why corporate governance has become such a prominent topic in thÃÆ'„ ±s tÃÆ'„ ±me. We have defÃÆ'„ ±ned some reasons as follows: the dated 1998 East Crisis, the takeover wave of the 1980s  [4]  , deregulation and the integration of capital markets, the worldwide wave of privatization, pension fund reform a series of recent scandals and corporate failures  [5]  . At a general level corporate governance can be described as a problem involving an agent the CEO of the corporation and multiple principals the shareholders, creditors, suppliers, clie nts, employees, and other parties with whom the CEO engages in business on behalf of the corporation. Corporate governance rules and princÃÆ'„ ±ples can be solved thÃÆ'„ ±s problems. And so corporate governance is important for every countrÃÆ'„ ±es. Models Takeover models One of the most spectacular method for disciplining and replacing managers is a hostile takeover. And This method highly disruptive and costly. itis relatively rarely used in U.K. and USA. In a hostile takeover the raider makes an offer to buy all or a fraction of outstanding shares at a stated tender price. The takeover is successful if the raider gains more than 50% of the voting shares and thereby obtains effective control of the company. With more than 50% of the voting shares, in due course he will be able to gain majority representation on the board and thus be able to appoint the CEO. But sometimes, takeovers can be useful both because they reduce the inf ormational monopoly of the incumbent manager about the state of the firm and because they allow for the replacement of inefficient managers. Takeover regulation have focused on four issues: 1) whether deviations from a one-share-one vote rule result in inefficient takeover outcomes; 2) whether raiders should be required to buy out minority shareholders; 3) whether takeovers may result in the partial expropriation of other inadequately protected claims on the corporation, and if so, whether some anti-takeover amendments may be justified as basic protections against expropriation; and 4) whether proxy contests should be favored over tender offers  [6]  . Blockholder Models An alternative approach to mitigating the collective action problem of shareholders is to have a semi-concentrated ownership structure with at least one large shareholder, who has an interest in monitoring management and the power to implement management changes  [7]  . Although this solution is les s common in the UK and USA because of regulatory restrictions on blockholder actions some form of concentration of ownership or control is the dominant form of corporate governance arrangement in continental Europe and other OECD countries. To summarize, this literature emphasizes the idea that if the limited size of a block is mainly due to the large shareholders desire to diversify risk then under-monitoring by the large shareholder is generally to be expected. Delegated monitoring and large creditors One increasingly important issue relating to large shareholders or investor monitoring concerns the role of institutional shareholder activism by pension funds and other financial intermediaries. Pension funds, mutual funds and insurance companies often buy large stakes in corporations and could take an active role in monitoring management  [8]  . Generally, however, because of regulatory constraints or lack of incentives they tend to be passive. One advantage of greater activism by large institutional investors is that fund managers are less likely to engage in self-dealing and can therefore be seen as almost ideal monitors of management. But a major problem with institutional monitoring is that fund managers themselves have no direct financial stake in the companies they invest in and therefore have no direct or adequate incentives for monitoring. One implication of these latter models is that under a regime of deposit insurance banks will not adequately monitor firms and will engage in reckless lending. To summarize, the theoretical literature on bank monitoring shows that delegated monitoring by banks or other financial intermediaries can be an efficient form of corporate governance. It offers one way of resolving collective action problems among multiple investors. Board models The third alternative for solving the collective action problem among dispersed shareholders is monitoring of the CEO by a board of directors. Most corporate chart ers require that shareholders elect a board of directors, whose mission is to select the CEO, monità ¶r management, and vote on important decisions such as mergers and acquisitions, changes in remuneration of the CEO, changes in the firms capital structure like stock repurchases or new debt issues, etc. One important reason why boards are often captured by management is that CEOs have considerable influence over the choice of directors. CEOs also have superior information. In sum, the formal literature on boards is surprisingly thin given the importance of the board of directors in policy debates. Executive compensation models Besides monitoring and control of CEO actions another way of improving shareholder protection is to structure the CEOs rewards so as to align his objectives with those of shareholders. Most compensation packages in publicly traded firms comprise a basic salary component, a bonus related to short run performance (e.g., accounting profits), and a stock pa rticipation plan (most of the time in the form of stock options). The package also includes various other benefits, such as pension rights and severance pay (often described as golden parachutes). All in all, while the extensive literature on agency theory provides a useful framework for analyzing optimal incentive contracts it is generally too far removed from the specifics of executive compensation. Moreover, the important link between executive compensation and corporate governance, as well as the process of determination of executive pay remain open problems to be explored at a formal level. Multi-constituency models The formal literature on boards and executive compensation takes the view that the board exclusively represents the interests of shareholders. In practice, however, this is not always the case  [9]  . Similarly, it is not unusual for CEOs of firms in related businesses to sit on the board. In some countries, firms are even required to have representatives of employees on the board. The extent to which boards should be mandated to have representatives of other constituencies besides shareholders is a hotly debated issue. In the European Union in particular the issue of board representation of employees is a major stumbling block for the adoption of the European Company Statute. As important as this issue is there is only a small formal literature on the subject. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Examination Of General Information On Corporate Governance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UK Historical Process of Corparate Governance In The UK Corporate governance developments in the UK began in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the wake of corporate scandals such as Polly Peck and Maxwell. The UK business community recognised the need to put its house in order. This led to the setting up in 1991 of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, chaired by Sir Adrian Cadbury, which issued a series of recommendations known as the Cadbury Report in 1992. The Cadbury Report addressed issues such as the relationship between the chairman and chief executive, the role of non-executive directors and reporting on internal control and on the companys position. A requirement was added to the Listing Rules of the London Stock Exchange that companies should report whether they had followed the recommendations or, if not, explain why they had not done so (this is known as comply or explain). The recommendations in the Cadbury Report have been added to at regular intervals since 1992. In 1995 the Greenbury Report set out recommendations on the remuneration of directors. In 1998 the Cadbury and Greenbury reports were brought together and updated in the Combined Code, and in 1999 the Turnbull guidance was issued to provide directors with guidance on how to develop a sound system of internal control.  [10]  . The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and HM Treasury instigated a review of the Combined Code following a review of company law(2002). It initiated the Higgs Report on The Role and Effectiveness of Non-Executive Directors which was published in January 2003. The UK Government instigated a Company Law Review and produced a White Paper in 2002. A number of proposals in the White Paper related to company reporting and a significant development was the requirement for companies to provide a mandatory Operating and Financial Review to provide information on the companys current and prospective performance and strategy. The economic crisis has prompted governments across the world to re-evaluate their financial regulatory framework, to try to tackle the causes of, and fallout from, the global downturn  [11]  . The UK Government has taken unprecedented action to prevent and contain future crises in the financial markets and support the broader economy focusing on stabilising the banking system to protect peoples savings and the economy. The global financial crisis has revealed widespread and massive failures in risk management practices. Many economists, organisations and governments have suggested a link between weaknesses in corporate governance arrangements which did not serve their purpose to safeguard against excessive risk taking in a number of financial service companies. The Combined Code on Corporate Governance The Combined Code on Corporate Governance sets out standards of good practice in relation to issues such as board composition and development, remuneration, accountab ility and audit and relations with shareholders. All companies incorporated in the UK and listed on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange are required under the Listing Rules to report on how they have applied the Combined Code in their annual report and accounts. The Combined Code contains broad principles and more specific provisions. Listed companies are required to report on how they have applied the main principles of the Code, and either to confirm that they have complied with the Codes provisions or where they have not to provide an explanation. In March 2009 the FRC announced a review of the Combined Code, as a result of which it proposes to make a number of revisions to the Code. Consultation on these proposals ends on 5 March 2010. Subject to the outcome of consultation it is intended that the revised Code which will be known as the UK Corporate Governance Code has applied sÃÆ'„ ±nce 29 June 2010. GLOBAL REGULATIONS ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND OECD PRÃÆ'„ °NCÃÆ'„ °PLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The European Union significantly influences corporate governance in the UK. The European Commissions Corporate Governance and Company Law Action Plan (May 2003) proposed a mix of legislative and regulatory measures which would affect all member States relating to  [12]  : disclosure requirements; exercise of voting rights; cross- border voting; disclosure by institutional investors; and responsibilities of board members. And The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance were endorsed in 1999 and have since become an international benchmark for policy makers, investors, corporations and other stakeholders worldwide. They have advanced the corporate governance agenda and provided specific guidance for legislative and regulatory initiatives in both OECD and non OECD countries. The Principles are intended to assist OECD and non-OECD governments in their efforts to evaluate and improve the legal, institutional and regulatory framework for corporate governance in t heir countries, and to provide guidance and suggestions for stock exchanges, investors, corporations, and other parties that have a role in the process of developing good corporate governance. The Principles focus on publicly traded companies, both financial and non-financial. The degree to which corporations observe basic principles of good corporate governance is an increasingly important factor for investment decisions  [13]  . Of particular relevance is the relation between corporate governance practices and the increasingly international character of investment. International flows of capital enable companies to Access financing from a much larger pool of investors. If countries are to reap the full benefits of the global capital market, and if they are to attract long-term patient capital, corporate governance arrangements must be credible, well understood across borders and adhere to internationally accepted principles  [14]  . Even if corporations do not rely prim arily on foreign sources of capital, adherence to good corporate governance practices will help improve the confidence of domestic investors, reduce the cost of capital, underpin the good functioning of financial markets, and ultimately induce more stable sources of financing. There is no single model of good corporate governance. However, work carried out in both OECD and non-OECD countries and within the Organisation has identified some common elements that underlie good corporate governance. The Principles build on these common elements and are formulated to embrace the different models that exist. For example, they do not advocate any particular board structure and the term board as used in this document is meant to embrace the different national models of board structures found in OECD and non-OECD countries. In the typical two tier system, found in some countries, board as used in the Principles refers to the supervisory board while key executives refers to the management b oard. In systems where the unitary board is overseen by an internal auditors body, the principles applicable to the board are also, mutatis mutandis, applicable. The terms corporation and company are used interchangeably in the text. The OECD Principles Of Corporate Governance is divided into two parts. ÃÆ'„ °n the first part of the document : I) Ensuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework; II) The rights of shareholders and key ownership functions; III) The equitable treatment of shareholders; IV) The role of stakeholders; V) Disclosure and transparency; and VI) The responsibilities of the board. In the second part of the document, the Principles are supplemented by annotations that contain commentary on the Principles and are intended to help readers understand their rationale. CONCLUSION This essay describes the global standards useful way of thinking about corporate governance. Corporate governance in continental Europe and in most of the rest of the world is fundamentally different. On the other hand global crÃÆ'„ ±sÃÆ'„ ±s can be effectÃÆ'„ ±ve all over the world. For thÃÆ'„ ±s reason producÃÆ'„ ±ng global standarts and bilateral internatÃÆ'„ ±onal agremeents between countrÃÆ'„ ±es can be solved thÃÆ'„ ±s dÃÆ'„ ±fferences. The integration of world capital markets makes such reforms on corporate governance.

The Greatest Gift Of Life Is Friendship - 1382 Words

Throughout my life, many people try to figure out who I really am, when I didn’t even know who I was. There is one person who knows who I really am and that is my best friend, Danny. Friendship is a special love. As we all know finding a true friend is always hard. So when one is found, it is important to hang on tight. The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it. I will be remembered for being confident, strong, and a girl that had all the answers. No one had fully ever understood me or my actions, I was constantly on the move, keeping myself busy with any task or activity I could get my hands on, and I never told anyone the entire truth to why that was. My appearance to always seeming like I had confidence, being strong, and having all the answers to any questions could be imputed to one prevailing time period, but was separated into hundreds of different memories of my past, each with their cause and effect. However, it started with two substantial hits , both with afflicting me in my teenage years. I have the best friend that anyone could wish for; Danny, a lovely human being whom I’ve devoted being with and caring for. With my best friend by my side, I am a truly happy teenager with the entire world at my fingertips. I was intelligent and quite cute, with my black curls and big dark brown eyes. This deceived a lot of people, I was a well-behaved child. I would participate in class, do my homework, share just enough about myself that no otherShow MoreRelatedMy Perfect Life Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesMany people think having a perfect life is having a lot of money, doing whatever you want, and having everything you ever wanted. But in my mind, that isn’t the perfect life. The perfect life to me is living life to the fullest creating memories you won’t forget and creating friendships that last forever. Many people think that when something bad happens in life it is the devil trying to get to you, but you have to use that to motivate yourself to be the greatest you can be. Now here are some of myRead MoreLennie Essay On Friendship989 Words   |  4 PagesFriendship Hurts Friendship: it can’t be bought, nor can it be found—it is something that is earned. Some friendships last days, weeks, years, even lifetimes. A friend is someone who gives a person the freedom to be who they rightfully are. No doubt, life is simply more pleasant with friends as some speculate. But what if the friendship was no longer the childhood bond that it used to be? John Steinbeck exposes the painful struggle of friendship in his petite novella Of Mice and Men with GeorgeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alix 872 Words   |  4 Pageshad a lot in common and they would always mess around in class. Alix was one of Jasmine’s closest friends whom she could trust completely. Even though they did not grow up together, they shared some of the greatest memories. Friends are very important towards one’s life. Without friends, life would be incomplete. Friends have many qualities that are alike. Their interests, likes, and dislikes are generally common. The bond that friends share is very special and unique. At a younger age, we comeRead MoreLiterary Criticism In To Kill A Mockingbird And A Separate Peace By Harper Lee1506 Words   |  7 Pageswork. Both novels display similarities when they incorporate a tree as a symbol of friendship, the child archetype and the loss of innocence. The tree as a symbol for commanderie is exemplified by both novels. Friendship is symbolized through the tree in To Kill A Mockingbird, when Boo Radley presents gifts to the children, having them pull â€Å"out two†¦ almost perfect miniatures of two children†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee 67). Friendship is exemplified by the tree because it allowed for the children to connect with BooRead MoreFriendship Idiom1516 Words   |  7 PagesFriendship â€Å"A true friend is someone who thinks that you are a good egg even though he knows that you are slightly cracked.† –Bernard Meltzer A friend is one who knows us, but loves us anyway. – Fr. Jerome Cumnings Remember, the greatest gift is not found in a store nor under a tree, but in the hearts of true friends. –Cindy Lee Who finds a faithful friends, finds a treasure. – Jewish Saying â€Å"Your friend is the man who knows all about you, and still likes you† –Elbert Hubbard What is a friendRead MoreEssay on Friendship for Women and for Men755 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions on the new administration and forming great friendship that may well impact the future of the whole country. History has witnessed some of the greatest friendship between men. As a result, their friendships have been idealized as the embodiment of bravery and loyalty. In comparison, those cozy nights girls spends wrapped in the bonding of sisterhood seems both trivia and naà ¯ve. Although these stereotypes about men’s or women’s friendship are not completely true, there is no doubt that significantRead MoreHow Important Are Friend and Family?1260 Words   |  6 PagesHow Important Are Friends and Family? Do you know what really matters in life? It is a question that many have asked, and many have answered. The answers offered to this question have been varied and variegated, but there are a few that consistently bubble to the surface. Two of those are â€Å"friends† and â€Å"family.† With so many people offering those two answers time and again, it would be unwise to discount them outright. However, what most people mean when they say â€Å"friends† or â€Å"family† may not beRead MoreMy Childhood Friends1058 Words   |  5 Pagesis different, and the type of people I hang around evolve over time. My childhood friends are important and continue to play a role in my life but overall, my friends in high school are more important to me and I consider all of them friends for life. Entering the third grade, my first day of school in Alexandria went surprisingly well. I formed many friendships and quickly found a group of friends I considered worthy of my time. My new group of friends accepted me and I accepted them, creating aRead MoreThe Greatest Gift Of Life998 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout my life, many people try to figure out who I really am; when I didn’t even know who I was. There is one person who knows who I really am and that is my best friend, Danny. Friendship is a special love. As we all know finding a true friend is always hard. So when one is found, it is important to hang on tight. The greatest gift of life is friendship, and I have received it. I will be remembered for being confident, strong, and a girl that had all the answers. No one had fully ever understoodRead MoreThe Lewis And His Influence On The Church Today1280 Words   |  6 Pageswritings and ideas have played an incredible influence on the Church today. Lewis served as a professor at Oxford university as well as an army officer during the First World War (BBC). Throughout his life, Lewis understood the importance of friendship through significant relationships within his own life. His mother died when he was ten, which caused him to grow closer to his older brother Warren. In college, Lewis connected particularly to a friend named Arthur Greeves over their mutual love for Nordic